CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY

                                                                      Genetics Genetics  is the study of heredity and variations. Heredity and variations are controlled by genes—what they are, what they do, and how they work.  Genes inside the nucleus of a cell are strung together in such a way that the sequence carries information: that information determines how living organisms inherit various features (phenotypic traits). \ For example, offspring produced by sexual reproduction usually look similar to each of their parents because they have inherited some of each of their parents' genes.  Genetics identifies which features are inherited, and explains how these features pass from generation to generation.  In addition to inheritance, genetics studies how genes are turned on and off to control what substances are made in a cell—gene expression; and how a cell divides—mitosis or meiosis. Some phenotypic traits can be seen, such as eye color while others can only b

                                                                    Zoology .Zoology  ( / z u ˈ ɒ l ə dʒ i ,  z oʊ -/ ) or  animal biology  is the branch of  biology  that studies the animal kingdom, including the  structure ,  embryology ,  evolution ,  classification ,  habits , and distribution of all  animals , both living and  extinct , and how they interact with their ecosystems.  .The term is derived from  Ancient Greek  ζῷον,  zōion , i.e. " animal " and λόγος,  logos , i.e. "knowledge, study". .History of Zoology:- Ancient history to Darwin The history of zoology traces the study of the animal kingdom from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of  zoology  as a single coherent field arose much later, the zoological sciences emerged from natural history reaching back to the biological works of Aristotle and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world.  This ancient work was further developed in the Middle Ages by Muslim physicians and

                                                                           Botany .Botany , also called  plant science ( s ),  plant biology  or  phytology , is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.  .A  botanist ,  plant scientist  or  phytologist  is a scientist who specialises in this field.  .The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word  βοτάνη  ( botanē ) meaning "pasture", "grass", or "fodder";  βοτάνη  is in turn derived from  βόσκειν  ( boskein ), "to feed" or "to graze". . Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress.  .Nowadays, botanists (in the strict sense) study approximately 410,000 species of land plants of which some 391,000 species are vascular plants (including ca 369,000 spec